Review Article
Health care costs represent a large percentage of the gross domestic product all over the world. According to the National Health Statistics Group, health care expenditure in the United States accounted for as much as 14% of the gross national product in 1992 and it is projected to reach 30% by 2030.
The intensive care unit (ICU) represents the hallmark of highly competent modern hospitals, offering highly trained staff and life-saving technology and it is also one of the most expensive units in the hospital.
Endurance sports such as marathon running are increasingly popular, attracting both professional and recreational athletes. While most participants recognize that these events can result in health hazards, few consider death a likely outcome. Exercise associated hyponatremia can be a consequence for which fatal outcomes may occur. In some it is mild and without symptoms. However, in others it is of such severity that respiratory failure secondary to pulmonary edema, and possibly death may result.
One of the most difficult organs to procure for donation is the lung. A detailed understanding of the physiology of mechanical ventilation and its effect on donor lungs is needed to impact on the outcome of lung transplantation. An organized protocol for mechanical ventilation management of the organ donor using the Open Lung Model may positively affect the number of organs that can be procured, and the function of these organs post transplant.
Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a relatively new mode of ventilation that became commercially available in the United States in the mid-1990s. APRV differs fundamentally from that of conventional positive-pressure ventilation. Whereas conventional modes of ventilation begin the ventilatory cycle at a baseline pressure and elevate airway pressure to accomplish tidal ventilation, APRV commences at an elevated baseline pressure and follows with a deflation to accomplish tidal ventilation (Figure 1) [1].
The classical syndrome of fat embolism is characterized by the triad of respiratory failure, neurologic dysfunction and the presence of a petechial rash. Fat embolism syndrome (FES) occurs most commonly following orthopedic trauma, particularly fractures of the pelvis or long bones, however non-traumatic fat embolism has also been known to occur on rare occasions. Because no definitive consensus on diagnostic criteria exist, the accurate assessment of incidence, comparative research and outcome assessment is difficult.
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CRITICAL CARE AND SHOCK is published by The Indonesian Foundation of Critical Care Medicine and indexed in Embase and in the Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Cientifica (SIIC). CRITICAL CARE AND SHOCK (ISSN 1410-7767) is the official journal of the Asia Pacific Association of Critical Care Medicine, Indonesian Society of Critical Care Medicine, Philippine Society of Critical Care Medicine and Society of Intensive Care Medicine (Singapore), Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese Society of Critical Care Medicine, and is published Quarterly by The Indonesian Foundation of Critical Care Medicine.